Block Caving- The cost-effective alternative to conventional mining | ACIM
Planning to dig a mine or even to extend the longevity of an existing mine, many mine planners now have a great alternative method of mining to use- Block caving. Sometimes, deposits are too deep to use economical methods like open pit techniques to extract resources. Some other times the value of the deposit is not sufficient enough to justify more conventional and costlier underground mining methods. However, under suitable conditions, block caving provides so many advantages that it is being considered for many projects like the copper mines in the Northparks in Australia.
Block caving is a mass underground mining method which allows bulk extraction of lower grade, large, ore deposits that have a much longer vertical dimension. When using block caving method, a huge ore section is undercut by blasting or drilling. This creates a substantial unsupported roof which starts to collapse due to its own instability and weight. The large broken ore then starts breaking apart before falling into pre-constructed access tunnels, drawbells and funnels developed by miners underneath the caving. These tunnels later form the draw points for ore extraction.
Since many conventional mining methods use up reserves using the traditional open pit techniques, they often seek to elongate their operations though block caving, thus going underground and extracting ore. The lower cost of operation for underground block cave mining method when compared to open pit mining methods fares as a huge advantage when it comes to looking for a viable alternative for new mine development or for extending an existing mine’s life.
While The operating costs for block caving are usually 1/10 of other type of underground mining cost, mostly driven by the scale of production that can reach from thirty thousand to hundred thousand tonnes a day. Moreover, costs of blasting and drilling are far lesser than other methods along with nil back filling costs.
Another vital advantage to using an underground mining method such as block caving instead of open pit caving, is the significant reduction of disposal of surface waste. As an open pit gets deeper, the ratio of its ore to waste rock often gets higher. This waste needs to be placed in separate areas, lack of storage space soon becomes a problem for these conventional miners.
Block caving on the other hand only generates only about a fraction of waste rock compared to other mining methods, thus reducing impact on surface land, making making this a key advantage when opting for block caving.
Factors to consider before selecting Block caving
1. The geometry of the deposit should be suitable to the method. It means that the ore deposit should not only be massive but also have sufficient footprint area and height to propagate the caving of the mass rock naturally.
2. The presence of geo-mechanical characteristics of the deposit like fractures of in-situ rock to increase fragmentation in the bock caving process. Also the sufficiency of the rock mass strength that will help support drawpoints for a longer duration. Good ground stresses and excavation tunnels are also required.
3. The value of the ore should at least be 2 to 3 times the total operating cost of the site which includes administration and general costs, processing and mining cost. The value of the ore should not only be able to cover the operating cost, but also the initial high capital cost and any costs occurred in the pre-production period.
4. Block caving with incur significant disturbance on the surface, often leaving a sink hole. While assessing an area for block caving, ensure that you understand and accept the disturbance on the surface above the mining site. Also, you need to account the disturbed zone if you are considering planned or existing infrastructure on the site. It is also good to consider the implications it will have on the environment.
Early stage procedure for assessment of choosing block caving method for an ore deposit.
The following steps must be completed while assessing the mineral deposit before block caving
1. Assess the block value and resulting geometry which is terms of underground block caving- economic margins, footprint area available, shape and size against the resource block model’s cut-off value and typical costs.
2. Examine the geotechnical data available that will include the data about the rock’s strength, photos of the drill core, fracture/joint orientation and density, drill hole exploration data and Rock Quality Designation.
3. Buy a good software tool that will help assess the in-situ cave value, elevations and possible footprint sizes.
4. Create a scoping level design of the mine which includes layout, mine ventilation, footprint access and infrastructure for material handling.
These evaluation processes will help in directing future plans for exploration and identify key drivers for extracting the deposit through block caving. After passing this assessment, detailed studies should be done further at the feasibility and pre-feasibility level. This study should examine the fragmentation of the deposit, drawpoint scheduling and cave modelling, and mine design in detail.
Underground block caving mining methods has garnered more interest in the past few years, especially since the decrease in the number of surface deposits. This has driven global interest in seeking cost-effective mining methods such as block caving.
At ACIM, we provide an efficient and diverse selection of fraccing systems and tools, inflatable packers, pressure data loggers and drilling hydraulics. We are one of the top frac equipment and hydraulic fracturing equipment manufacturers.
We also provide technical support and experienced onsite assistant to make sure you make the most use and advantage of the fraccing products. We listen to our clients and understand that each applicant’s needs are different and requires suitable attention as per their needs.
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